Wet Forest EVC – Trees

Acacia dealbata – Silver Wattle

Acacia melanoxylon – Blackwood

Acacia melanoxylon – Blackwood

Eucalyptus cypellocarpa – Mountain Grey-gum – Fruit showing a distinctive ridge line.

Eucalyptus cypellocarpa – Mountain Grey-gum

Eucalyptus cypellocarpa – Mountain Grey-gum (Showing its distinctively ridged buds)

Eucalyptus cypellocarpa – Mountain Grey-gum (Showing off its extra large mature leaves)

Eucalyptus cypellocarpa – Mountain Grey-gum

Eucalyptus globulus – Blue Gum

Eucalyptus obliqua – Messmate Stringybark

Eucalyptus obliqua – Messmate Stringybark (Showing the oblique leaf base that gives the species its name).

Eucalyptus obliqua – Messmate Stringybark

Eucalyptus obliqua – Messmate Stringybark

Eucalyptus regnans – Mountain Ash

Squiggly pattern on the branches of this fallen Mt Ash Branch.

Eucalyptus regnans – Mountain Ash – Have to find branches that have fallen down to get a photo of these giant trees.

Eucalyptus regnans – Mountain Ash

Eucalyptus regnans – Mountain Ash (Tiny narrow buds for such a massive tree)

Eucalyptus regnans – Mountain Ash (showing the “skirt” area where the rough bark at the base is peeling away with smooth bark above.

Eucalyptus viminalis – Manna Gum (Buds and fruit are usually arranged in cluster of three)

Eucalyptus viminalis – Manna Gum (Buds and fruit are usually arranged in cluster of three)

Feral Animals

Feral Cat – Remote Camera Photo

As with most localities feral animal locally pose a threat to both the environment and agriculture. Cats and Foxes prey on birds and small reptiles and mammals, Rabbits cause erosion and damage pasture and native vegetation with their grazing. Indian mynas are aggressive birds and can displace native species from their habitat. Deer are an emerging issue and they can be very destructive, especially to wet gully areas.

Effective control is best done in an integrated and coordinated way. i.e. it is usually futile trying to destroy one pest if there is surrounding population that is not being controlled. Let everyone know what pest animals are concerning you by completing the poll below.

Tell us what you have seen coming back!

We would love you to share your observations with us as the vegetation and habitat returns, feel free to vote often and regularly when you see new critters appear.

Damp Forest Species

This Gallery has photos of some of the common plant species found growing in the Damp Forest ecological vegetation class (EVC) in the local district.

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Acacia dealbata – Silver Wattle

Acacia melanoxylon – Blackwood

Acacia verniflicua – Varnish Wattle

Acacia verticillata – Prickly Moses

Bedfordia arborescens – Blanket Leaf

Billarderia mutabilis – Common Apple Berry

Cassinia aculeata – Common Cassinia

Cassinia longifolia – Shiny Cassinia

Coprosma quadrifida – Prickly Currant Bush

Eucalyptus Cypellocarpa – Mountain Grey Gum has distinctive ridged buds and is important food tree for Koala’s

Eucalyptus Cypellocarpa – Mountain Grey Gum – Showing its extra large adult leaves.

Eucalyptus Cypellocarpa – Mountain Grey Gum

Eucalyptus globulus – Blue Gum – Young sapling with distinctive blue foliage.

Eucalyptyus obliqua – Messmate

Eucalyptyus obliqua – Messmate (Leaf showing oblique base)

Gahnia sieberiana – Red fruit saw sedge

Goodenia ovata – Hop Goodenia

Lomandra longifolia – Spiny Mat Rush

Olearia lirata – Snowy Daisy Bush

Olearia phlogopappa – Dusty daisy bush

Ozothamnus ferrugineus – Tree everlasting

Ozothamnus ferrugineus – Tree everlasting

Pandorea pandorana – Wonga vine

Pomaderris aspera – Hazel Pomaderris

Pterdium esculentum – Austral Bracken

Sambuccus gaudichaudiana – White elderberry

Senecio minimus – Shrubby groundsel

Senecio pinnatifolius – Variable groundsel

Eastern Grey Kangaroo – Macropus giganteus

Eastern Grey Kangaroo – Remote Camera Photo

The Eastern Grey Kangaroo is one species that has recovered quickly after the fires. With their ability to move quickly they had more chance of escaping the fire front and are also able to recolonise areas quickly. The open canopy after the fire provided the opportunity for fresh green grasses and herbs to grow which is the Kangaroos preferred diet.

Pampas Grass

Pampas grass (Cortaderia species) is as distinctive grass that has escaped from gardens and other plantings and become a major threat to native vegetation. Once established, the plant is very competitive, restricting the establishment of native trees, and can become a fire hazard and harbour vermin. Pampas grass is of greatest potential weed significance to forestry operations. Pampas grass is not considered an agricultural weed, because young plants are readily grazed by stock and it shows no ability to establish in cropping systems.

Individual plants have the ability to produce vast quantities of windborne seed – up to 100,000 per flower head – which can infest areas within a 25 km radius. In many cases, garden plants are the seed source for infestations.

The method of control for pampas grass depends on the site on which it occurs and the potential risk for causing new infestations. Permanent mechanical removal is recommended wherever possible. Grubbing of plants, particularly when small, is the best method of control in urban and bushland areas. This can be difficult with large plants because of their extensive root system and the abrasive nature of the leaves.

Control of large plants is easier and more effective if any seed heads are removed first and the plant is slashed before grubbing the crown and roots. Seed heads should be placed in a plastic bag and destroyed in an appropriate way. The best conditions for grubbing are when the soil is moist so removal is easier. The crown and roots must be completely removed from contact with the soil. Suitable disposal methods for plant material are necessary to prevent re-establishment.

Use of herbicides (low-risk areas) Only a registered herbicide used according to the direction on the label should be used to control a weed.

Smaller plants (less than 40 cm) can be controlled using a wiper applicator with the recommended herbicide. For larger plants, slash the plant to reduce the foliage, taking care to dispose of any plant material in the appropriate way to prevent re-establishment, and then spray with the recommended herbicide. Alternatively, the plant can be burnt (if local conditions allow), allowed to recover, and any new growth sprayed with the recommended herbicide. Do not spray plants stressed by drought or frost, and ensure there is thorough wetting of larger plants with the herbicide. Follow-up treatment may be required if regrowth occurs. (Source NSW DPI)

Pampas Grass is a threat to native vegetation and forestry areas.

Restoration Options

If you are wanting to restore native vegetation, you can save a lot of expense and wasted effort by working with nature as much as possible. Different sites will require different actions to get the desired results. The following examples show some of the different possibilities for action.

Burnt Gully With Regeneration and Plenty of Weeds

The overstorey trees in this gully, (mainly Blue Gums) are regenerating strongly, There are also plenty of understorey plants including various species of native daisy bushes coming back.The main threat to the site is destruction of the recovering vegetation by stock and weed invasion by transforming weeds. Some annual weeds such as Thistles are very common here now but as the trees and understorey grow back they will be shaded out. The real threat is weeds that will potentially outcompete the native plants and reduce the quality of the habitat for animals, in this case Blackberries are the main issue and a high priority should be to establish a plan for their control. There should be no need for any replanting of vegetation, because it should all be able to recover naturally, in order for this to happen the main priority should be to ensure that a good quality fence is built to keep stock away from this sensitive area.

Exposed Ridge with Long Grazing History

The site above is a completely different story. This area is on an exposed west-facing ridge, it is steep, erosion prone and unproductive so the landholder has wisely decided to re-vegetate it.There are virtually no native species found on this site and given its position in the landscape and the history of grazing, in the near future there is not likely to be any appear on their own . This site needs a long process of rehabilitation it first needs to be fenced out from stock then planted with as many species as possible from its original vegetation type, so that it can eventually become a diverse and valuable habitat for native species. Ongoing control of high threat weeds will need to continue, especially in the first few years after planting to ensure that they do not get a stranglehold on the site and restrict the growth and development of the new plantings.

Degraded Creek Line – Still with Overstorey

The above site along a small creek is in a degraded condition with a cover of exotic grasses and weeds and some dead trees present. On a positive note the site does have some surviving overstorey trees as well as some thickets of native understorey present. Again the first priority for this site will be to fence it out from stock. This will give any regenerating trees a much better chance of survival and allow the understorey to spread. Also again weed control of high threat weeds is a high priority. Once fenced is site can be monitored for the appearance of regenerating native plants that may come from seed stored in the soil, blown in by the wind, washed down the gully or dropped on the ground via birds. If regeneration is not occurring you may have to consider other control measures. Rabbits or other browsing animals could be killing new seedlings, you could build a rabbit proof area on the site to see if that makes a difference. Or perhaps thick grass is stopping germination, you could spray an area with herbicide or scalp off some topsoil to see if that helped trigger new plants to sprout. If all else fails you may go back and resort to planting out the open areas of the site with tube-stock.

Steep Slope – Former Pine Plantation.

The site above is quite a difficult one, It is steep, highly exposed and has poor soil. It formerly had pines growing on it before the fires. It has been sprayed for Blackberry but there are still plenty of Blackberry canes re-sprouting and other weeds  such as Variegated Thistle covering the site. the other side of the ridge does have some native scrub growing on it which could provide a source of seed, but it also harbours plenty of Swamp Wallabies which will be keen to eat any newly planted seedlings. Turning this site back to native vegetation will probably be a slow process. One strategy may be to fence the site out from stock and replant the site with overstorey eucalypt and wattle species. The site is likely to be too exposed and weedy for understorey plants to survive. If a canopy can eventually be achieved (maybe up to 10 years later), Shade and protection will provide a better opportunity for understorey and a greater diversity of plants to be established.

Wild Pines and Missing Overstorey

This site above is typical of many in the Strzelecki Ranges. It is a very steep slope that was cleared for farming, although hindsight tells us that this was a bad mistake. Since given up for agriculture this gully has seen species such as Blackwood and Silver Wattle come back via soil stored seeds and root suckers, and daisy bushes blow in via their wind-blown seeds. The Eucalyptus overstorey however has disappeared, with no hope of natural replacement. The answer is to once again fence out the site from any stock that may be keen enough to wander down into the gully. Attempts to establish carefully selected Eucalyptus species can then be attempted, this will not be simple as Swamp Wallabies are again sure to be common at this site. One common (but expensive and labour intensive) option is to install mesh wire guards at least 1.2m tall around any plantings to allow them to grow above the height at which Wallabies can graze them).  Another issue on this site is the large established Pine trees, Pinus radiata, the simplest way of dealing with the Pines may be to poison them.If they are allowed to persist they will reduce the habitat value of the site and regularly drop seed and produce new wildlings.

Gully with lots of New Seedlings Germinating

This last site on this post has seen a mass regeneration of some species after the fires. No stock on the site has seen thousands of seedlings emerge. The landholder is fencing, what is a very long gully, some areas of the gully have recovering remnants, other bits were formerly pasture with a thick carpet of new Wattles and other species coming up and other bits are bare.  The uneven regeneration at this site means that planting may be necessary in some parts and not others. Carefully selection of species to plant is also necessary. There is no point wasting time and effort planting when thousands of plants of that species are already coming up on their own. Spots where overstorery trees are missing are probably the highest priority because unlike species that can be spread by wind-borne winged or fluffy seed or berries carried by birds Eucalyptus seed is only spread by release from its capsules.